Discover the many benefits of Omega-3 with Kirkland Signature Enteric Coated Fish Oil One Per Day.

• 1200 mg Fish Oil, 684 mg Omega-3 Fatty Acids per serving.
• Helps maintain and support heart and vascular health.†
• Enteric Coating reduces fishy odor and after taste.

†This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Enteric Coated with a hint of Vanilla, to make it easier to swallow and eliminate that fishy odor and after taste common in other forms of Fish Oil supplements.

Kirkland Signature Fish Oil supply comes from deep ocean waters. Our fish oil is not supplied from farm-raised fish. State-of-the-art molecular distillation is used to remove PCBs and dioxins which guarantees purity and potency. Mercury levels are undetectable, less than 0.1 parts per million.

Suggested Use:
Take one softgel daily with a full glass of water.

Supplement Facts:
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving - % Daily Value:*
Calories 10, Calories from Fat 10, Total Fat 1 g - 2%, Cholesterol 10 mg - 3%, Fish Oil Concentrate 1200 mg, Omega 3 EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)(as ethyl esters) 410 mg - **, Omega 3 DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid (as ethyl esters) 274 mg - **.

*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
**Daily Value not established.

^As ethyl ester.

Ingredients:
Fish Oil Concentrate, Gelatin (non-bovine), Glycerin, Water, Vanillin, Tocopherol.

May Also Contain:
Methacrylic Acid Copolymer, Ethylcellulose, Sodium Alginate, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Phthalate, Medium Chain Triglyceride, Triacetin, Oleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide, Polyethylene Glycol.

Contains: Fish (Anchovy, Sardine) and Soy.

Caution:
If you are pregnant or nursing, taking medication, facing surgery, have bleeding problems, or undergoing any other treatment which may affect the ability of blood to clot, consult your physician before taking this product.

Keep out of reach of children.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fish oil is oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oils contain the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), precursors of eicosanoids that are known to reduce inflammation throughout the body,^[1][2] and are thought to have many health benefits.^[3]

Fish do not actually produce omega-3 fatty acids, but instead accumulate them from either consuming microalgae that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with fish like herring and sardines, or, as is the case with fatty predatory fish, by eating prey fish that have accumulated omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae. Such fatty predatory fish like shark, sword fish, tilefish, and albacore tuna may be high in omega-3 fatty acids, but due to their position at the top of the food chain, these species can accumulate toxic substances (see biomagnification). For this reason, the FDA recommends limiting consumption of certain (predatory) fish species (e.g. albacore tuna, shark, and swordfish) due to high levels of toxic contaminants such as mercury, dioxin, PCBs and chlordane.^[4] Fish oil is used as a component in aquaculture feed. More than 50 percent of the world's fish oil used in aquaculture feed is fed to farmed salmon.^[5]

Fish oil has been studied for treating clinical depression,^[6][7] anxiety,^[8][9] and enhancing the benefits from depression medications.^[10] Countries with the highest intake of fish in their diets are correlated with the lowest rates of depression among citizens.^[11]

Potential health benefits

The 18 carbon α-linolenic acid has not been shown to have the same cardiovascular benefits as DHA or EPA.^{[18][not in citation given]} Currently there are many products on the market which claim to contain health promoting 'omega 3', but contain only α-linolenic acid (ALA), not EPA or DHA. These products contain mainly plant oils and must be converted by the body to create DHA and are therefore considered less efficient. DHA and EPA are made by microalgae that live in seawater. These are then consumed by fish and accumulate to high levels in their internal organs. DHA also can be produced directly from microalgae to provide a vegetarian source.

People with certain circulatory problems, such as varicose veins, may benefit from such supplements containing EPA and DHA which stimulate blood circulation, increase the breakdown of fibrin, a compound involved in clot and scar formation, and additionally have been shown to reduce blood pressure.^[19][20] There is scientific evidence that n−3 fatty acids reduce blood triglyceride levels^{[21][22][23][24]} and regular intake may reduce the risk of secondary and primary heart attack.^{[25][26][27][28]}

Some potential benefits have been reported in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis^[29][30] and cardiac arrhythmias.^[31][32][33]

There is preliminary evidence that n-3 fatty acids supplementation might be helpful in cases of depression^[34][35] and anxiety.^[36][37] Studies report improvement from n-3 fatty acids supplementation alone and in conjunction with medication.^[38] The New York Times reports that at least one study, however, has found no connection between depression in heart patients and supplements containing n-3 fatty acids.^[39]

Some research suggests that fish oil intake may reduce the risk of ischemic and thrombotic stroke,^[40][41][42] although large amounts may actually increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke (see below): lower amounts are not related to this risk,^[42] 3 grams of total EPA/DHA daily are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) with no increased risk of bleeding involved^[43] and many studies used substantially higher doses without major side effects (for example: 4.4 grams EPA/2.2 grams DHA in 2003 study).^[34] A systematic review of recent studies found evidence that alpha-linolenic acid does not confer the health benefits of n−3 fatty acids derived from wild fish sources.^[44]

[edit]Cancer

Several studies report possible anti-cancer effects of n−3 fatty acids (particularly breast, colon, and prostate cancer).^[45][46][47] Omega-3 fatty acids reduced prostate tumor growth, slowed histopathological progression, and increased survival.^[48] Among n-3 fatty acids [omega-3], neither long-chain nor short-chain forms were consistently associated with breast cancer risk. High levels of docosahexaenoic acid, however, the most abundant n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes, were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.^[49] A 2006 report in the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that their review of literature covering cohorts from many countries with a wide variety of demographic concluded that there was no link between n−3 fatty acids and cancer.^[50] This is similar to the findings of a review by the British Medical Journal of studies up to February 2002 that failed to find clear effects of long and shorter chain n−3 fats on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events and cancer.^[51]

A 2007 systematic review of n-3 fatty acids and cachexia found evidence that oral n-3 fatty acid supplements benefit cancer patients, improving appetite, weight and quality of life.^[52] A 2009 trial found that a supplement of eicosapentaenoic acid helped cancer patients retain muscle mass.^[53]

[edit]Cardiovascular disease

In 1999, the GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators reported in the Lancet, the results of major clinical study in 11,324 patients with a recent myocardial infarction. Treatment 1 gram per day of n−3 fatty acids reduced the occurrence of death, cardiovascular death and sudden cardiac death by 20%, 30% and 45% respectively.^[54] These beneficial effects were seen from three months onwards.^[55]

In April 2006, a team led by Lee Hooper at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, published a review of almost 100 separate studies of n−3 fatty acids found in abundance in oily fish. It concluded that they do not have a significant protective effect against cardiovascular disease.^[56] This meta-analysis was controversial and stands in stark contrast with two different reviews also performed in 2006 by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition^[57] and a second JAMA review^[58] that both indicated decreases in total mortality and cardiovascular incidents (i.e. myocardial infarctions) associated with the regular consumption of fish and fish oil supplements.

In the March 2007 edition of the journal Atherosclerosis, 81 Japanese men with unhealthy blood sugar levels were randomly assigned to receive 1800 mg daily of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with the other half being a control group. The thickness of thecarotid arteries and certain measures of blood flow were measured before and after supplementation. This went on for approximately two years. A total of 60 patients (30 in the E-EPA group and 30 in the control group) completed the study. Those given the EPA had a statistically significant decrease in the thickness of the carotid arteries along with improvement in blood flow. The authors indicated that this was the first demonstration that administration of purified EPA improves the thickness of carotid arteries along with improving blood flow in patients with unhealthy blood sugar levels.^[59]

A study found in Clinical Cardiology in 2009 shows that n-3 prevents monocytes from adhering to arterial walls and contributing to plaque build-up. This is done by reducing thromboxane A2, a chemical that promotes clotting and causes vasoconstriction.^[60]

In a study published in the American Journal of Health System Pharmacy March 2007, patients with high triglycerides and poor coronary artery health were given 4 grams a day of a combination of EPA and DHA along with some monounsaturated fatty acids. Those patients with very unhealthy triglyceride levels (above 500 mg/dl) reduced their triglycerides on average 45% and their VLDL cholesterol by more than 50%. VLDL is a bad type of cholesterol and elevated triglycerides can also be deleterious for cardiovascular health.^[61]

A study on the benefits of EPA published in The Lancet in March 2007, involved over 18,000 patients with unhealthy cholesterol levels. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1,800 mg a day of E-EPA with a statin drug or a statin drug alone. The trial went on for a total of five years. It was found at the end of the study those patients in the E-EPA group had superior cardiovascular function. Non-fatal coronary events were also significantly reduced in the E-EPA group. The authors concluded that EPA is a promising treatment for prevention of major coronary events, especially non-fatal coronary events.^[62]

Similar to those who follow a Mediterranean diet, Arctic-dwelling Inuit - who consume high amounts of n−3 fatty acids from fatty fish - also tend to have higher proportions of n−3, increased HDL cholesterol and decreased triglycerides (fatty material that circulates in the blood) and less heart disease. Eating walnuts (the ratio of n−3 to n−6 is circa 1:4 respectively^[63]) was reported to lower total cholesterol by 4% relative to controls when people also ate 27% less cholesterol.^[64]

A study carried out involving 465 women showed serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid is inversely related to the levels of anti-oxidized-LDL antibodies. Oxidative modification of LDL is thought to play an important role in the development ofatherosclerosis.^[65]

A study shows that survivors of past myocardial infarctions are less likely to die from an arrhythmic event if they are consuming high levels of n-3.^[66] It is possible that these anti-arrhythmic effects are due to n-3 fatty acid’s ability to increase the fibrillation threshold of the heart tissue.^[67]

A study shows that n-3 fatty acids have mild anti-hypertensive effects. When subjects consumed n-3 from oily fish on a regular basis, their systolic blood pressure was lowered by about 3.5-5.5 mmHg.^[68]

[edit]Immune function

In a study regarding fish oil published in the Journal of Nutrition in April 2007, sixty four healthy Danish infants from nine to twelve months of age received either cow's milk or infant formula alone or with fish oil. It was found that those infants supplemented with fish oil had improvement in immune function maturation with no apparent reduction in immune activation.^[69]

[edit]Neurology

Limited evidence suggests that long-chain n-3 fatty acids delay or prevent the progression of certain psychotic disorders in high-risk children and adolescents.^[70] The evidence included the observation that individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia exhibited reduced levels of both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the results of a study in which the treatment of high-risk children with a dietary supplement containing both eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate produced a statistically significant (95% confidence, but not 97.5% confidence) decrease in progression to schizophrenia.

Consumption of ethyl eicosapentaenoate (E-EPA) partially countered memory impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease^[71] and produced a statistically insignificant decrease in human depression.^[72]

Fish oil has been shown to have no effect on cognitive performance in older individuals without dementia.^[73]

[edit]Inflammation

Although not confirmed as an approved health claim, current research suggests that the antiinflammatory activity of long-chain n−3 fatty acids may translate into clinical effects.^[74] For example, there is evidence that rheumatoid arthritis sufferers taking long-chain n−3 fatty acids from sources such as fish have reduced pain compared to those receiving standard NSAIDs

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